{"id":2363,"date":"2021-06-02T14:27:28","date_gmt":"2021-06-02T14:27:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/?page_id=2363"},"modified":"2025-11-18T15:32:58","modified_gmt":"2025-11-18T15:32:58","slug":"appendix","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/?page_id=2363","title":{"rendered":"Appendix"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: #faf9f8;background-position: left top;background-repeat: no-repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#e7e4e2;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"max-width:1331.2px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-flex-column fusion-no-small-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:16.666666666667% !important;margin-top : 13px;margin-bottom : 43px;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 11.52%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 23.04%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 13px 0px 0px 0px;\"><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2363-1 .panel-title a .fa-fusion-box{ color: #0234cc;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2363-1 .panel-title a .fa-fusion-box:before{ font-size: 25px; width: 25px;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2363-1 .panel-title a{font-size:26px;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2363-1 .panel-title a:hover, #accordion-2363-1 .fusion-toggle-boxed-mode:hover .panel-title a { color: #1a80b6;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2363-1 .fusion-toggle-boxed-mode:hover .panel-title a .fa-fusion-box{ color: #1a80b6;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-2363-1.fusion-toggle-icon-unboxed .fusion-panel .panel-title a:hover .fa-fusion-box{ color: #1a80b6 !important;}<\/style><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\"><div class=\"panel-group fusion-toggle-icon-unboxed\" id=\"accordion-2363-1\"><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cbc9e0ac5e93634e3\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2363-1\" data-target=\"#cbc9e0ac5e93634e3\" href=\"#cbc9e0ac5e93634e3\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Appendix 1:  Introduction to Pathophysiology \/ Altered cell and tissue biology<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"cbc9e0ac5e93634e3\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p class=\"Default\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App1Fig1.png\">Figure 1: Cellular response to stress and adaptation<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App1Fig2.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Figure 2: Cellular adaptation<\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App1Fig3.png\">Figure 3: Cellular response in epithelium (e.g. trachea) to chronic, persistent injury or irritation (e.g. smoking)<\/a> <\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App1Fig4.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 4: Cellular formation of free radicals <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App1Fig5.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 5: Metabolism and detoxification of ethanol (alcohol) <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App1Fig6.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 6: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=3136&amp;action=edit\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 7: Ethylene glycol toxicity <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App1Fig8.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 8: Blood smear of person with lead toxicity <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App1Fig9.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 9: Blue gum line in lead toxicity <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App1Fig10.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 10: Cellular injury from water accumulation (hydropic degeneration) <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App1Fig11.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 11: Cellular damage by excess free calcium <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App1Fig12.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 12: Cell death \u2013 Necrosis vs apoptosis <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App1Fig13.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 13: Liquifaction necrosis <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App1Fig14.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 14: Coagulative necrosis <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App1Fig15.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 15: Fat necrosis<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=3144&amp;action=edit\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App1Fig16.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 16: Caseous necrosis <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App1Fig17.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 17: Infarction <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App1Fig18.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 18: Types of gangrene <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"3823a40f81df1c224\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2363-1\" data-target=\"#3823a40f81df1c224\" href=\"#3823a40f81df1c224\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Appendix 2: Mechanisms of Self-Defence<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"3823a40f81df1c224\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig1.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 1: Overview of immunity &#8211; Innate vs adaptive <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig2.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 2: Processes of white blood response to inflammation (exiting of blood vessel and migration to site by chemotaxis) <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig3.png\">Figure 3: Plasma protein systems (overview) <\/a><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig4.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 4: Coagulation (Clotting) System \u2013 Intrinsic (left) vs extrinsic (right) pathways Figure 5: Mast cell processes in inflammation <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig5.png\">Figure 5: Mast cell process in inflammation <\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig6.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 6: Endothelium <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig7.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 7: Serous exudate Figure 8: Fibrinous exudate Figure 9: Purulent exudate <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig8.png\">Figure 8: Fibrinous Exudate<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig9.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Figure 9: Purulent Exudate<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig10.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 10: Hemorrhagic exudate <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig11.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 11: Langerhans giant cell of chronic inflammation <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig12.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 12: Giant cell and granuloma formation in chronic inflammation <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig13.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 13: Acute vs chronic inflammation <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig14.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 14: Phases of wound healing <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig15.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 15: Timescale (minutes-years) for phases of wound healing <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig16.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 16: Healing by primary vs secondary intention <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig17.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 17: Diabetes and impaired wound healing <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig18.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 18: Psychological conditions and impaired wound healing <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig19.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 19: Adaptive immunity (3rd line of defence) <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig20.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 20: Processes of antigen recognition, processing and presentation <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig21.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Figure 21: Antibody (Ig) Structure<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig22.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 22: Antibody classes <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig23.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 23: Antibody functions <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig24.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 24: Primary and secondary immune response <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig25.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 25: Type-I hypersensitivity <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig26.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 26: Type-III Hypersensitivity <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig27.png\">Figure 27: Type-IV cell-mediated immune response<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig28.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 28: Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig29.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 29: Table \u2013 Criteria for the diagnosis of SLE <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig30.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 30: Malar rash of SLE <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig31.png\">Figure 31: Transfusion reaction &#8211; ABO blood groups<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App2Fig32.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 32: Transfusion reaction &#8211; Rh incompatibility in pregnancy<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"3681e82380abd5b79\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2363-1\" data-target=\"#3681e82380abd5b79\" href=\"#3681e82380abd5b79\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Appendix 3: Cellular Proliferation and Cancer<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"3681e82380abd5b79\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig1.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 1: Benign vs Malignant Tumors <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig2.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 2: The tumor microenvironment (note significant cell heterogeneity)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig3.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 3: Energy Production in Normal vs. Proliferative (Tumor) Tissue <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig4.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 4: Angiogenesis and the presence of growth factors <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig5.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 5: Oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes in cancer development <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig6.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 6: Burkitt lymphoma chromosomal translocation <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig7.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 7: CML Chromosomal Translocation <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig8.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 8: Clinical Tumor Markers <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig9.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 9: Tumor Markers <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig10.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 10: Stem Cells <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig11.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 11: Local vs distant metastasis <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig12.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 12: Processes of cancer metastasis <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig13.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 13: Types of Biopsies <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig14.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 14: Surgical biopsy of skin lesion <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig15.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 15: Processing and histopathology of biopsies <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig16.png\">Figure 16: Tumor staging \u2013 Microscopic analysis<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig17.png\">Figure 17: TMN Classification \u2013 (example, breast cancer)<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig18.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 18: Syndrome of cachexia <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig19.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 19: Cell types originating from the mesoderm germ layer <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig20.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 20: Bone tumors &#8211; Osteosarcoma (left) and Ewing sarcoma (right) <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig21.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 21: Wilms tumor (two images) <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig22.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 22: Tobacco and cancer risk <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig23.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 23: Obesity and cancer risk <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App3Fig24.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 24: Ionizing radiation and cancer risk<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"8c1b2f300a794a596\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2363-1\" data-target=\"#8c1b2f300a794a596\" href=\"#8c1b2f300a794a596\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Appendix 4:  Alterations of the Endocrine System<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"8c1b2f300a794a596\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig1.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 1: Hypothalamus and pituitary regulation of cortisol secretion in response to stress<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig2.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 2: Hypothalamus and Pituitary Hormones, Targets, and Function<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig3.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 3: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System (RAAS) of kidneys<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig4.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 4: Mechanisms of Calcium Regulation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig5.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 5: Expected results for normal urine analysis<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig6.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 6: Volume status, urine osmolality and sodium<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig7.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 7: Hypopituitary-axis and hormonal regulation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig8.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 8: Anatomy of the thyroid gland<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig9.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 9: Production and release of thyroid hormones with a follicle<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig10.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 10: Comparison of hyperfunction and hypofunction of the thyroid gland<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig11.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/a><a>Figure 11: Radioactivity in Graves&#8217; versus other multimodule goitre and thyroid cancer <\/a>(adenoma)<\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig12.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 12: Goitre typically seen in Grave&#8217;s disease<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig13.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 13: Example of pretibial myxedema<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig14.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 14: Example of exopthalmos<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig15.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 15: Tetany in the hand<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig16.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 16: Most common, featured symptoms of Diabetes mellitus<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig17.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 17: Table \u2013 Complications of Diabetes Mellitus<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig18.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 18: Complications of Diabetes mellitus (angiopathies)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig19.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 19: Macrovascular complications of Diabetes mellitus<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig20.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 20: Pathophysiology of DKA and HHNK<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig21.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 21: Pathophysiology of diabetic ketoacidosis<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig22.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 22: Cellular layers of the adrenal gland<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig23.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 23: Manifestations of Cushing&#8217;s syndrome<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig24.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 24: Hyperpigmentation of skin and mucous membranes seen in Addison&#8217;s disease<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig25.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 25: Sites of ectopic endometrial cells<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/PCOS.png\">Figure 26: PCOS comparison of follicle development<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App4Fig27.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 27: Anatomy of benign prostatic hyperplasia<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"c1145ebfdb17b98bc\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2363-1\" data-target=\"#c1145ebfdb17b98bc\" href=\"#c1145ebfdb17b98bc\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Appendix 5: Blood (Disorders of the Hematological System)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"c1145ebfdb17b98bc\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig1.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 1: Whole Blood Composition<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig2.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 2: Maturation of Blood Cells<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig3.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 3: Separated blood components<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig4.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 4: RBC Molecular Structure<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig5.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 5: Life Cycle of a Red Blood Cell<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig6.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 6: Life Cycle of an RBC<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig7.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 7: The &#8220;pallor sign&#8221; of anemia<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig8.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 8: Pallor in the hand (right) compared to normal coloration<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig9.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 9: Microscopic comparison of normal RBCs (left) to Microcytic-hypochromic RBCs (right)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig10.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 10: Comparison of healthy liver to hemochromatosis liver<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig11.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 11: Organs affected in iron overload<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig12.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 12: Metabolism of Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig13.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 13: Classic symptoms of leukemia<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig14.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 14: Lymphoid and myeloid stem cell maturation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig15.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 15: Lymphoblasts in blood smear<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig16.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 16: Development of ALL from lymphoid stem cell<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig17.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 17: Development of AML from myeloid stem cell<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig18.png\">Figure 18: Lymphadenopathy (visible in groin and axilla<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig19.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 19: Body lymph node sites<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App5Fig20.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 20: Virchow&#8217;s Triad of thrombosis<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"4e493a45ca7c68ace\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2363-1\" data-target=\"#4e493a45ca7c68ace\" href=\"#4e493a45ca7c68ace\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Appendix 6: Alterations of the Cardiovascular System<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"4e493a45ca7c68ace\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig1.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 1: Heart anatomy<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig2.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 2: Layers covering heart<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig3.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 3: Heart layers showing pericardial cavity<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig4.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 4: Circulation of blood via the heart<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig5.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 5: Conduction system of the heart<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig6.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 6: Formation of atheroma within a blood vessel<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig7.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 7: Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig8.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 8: Progression of atherosclerosis within an artery; From normal, healthy artery (left) to occlusion (right)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig9.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 9: Progression and associated outcomes of coronary artery disease<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig10.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 10: Typical distribution of referred pain in angina<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig11.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 11: Changes in cardiac enzymes over time following cardiac injury<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig12.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 12: Fibrous tissue scars (arrows) following cardiac injury\/infarction<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig13.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 13: ECG changes related to cardiac damage<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig14.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 14: Aschoff body<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig15.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 15: Valvular changes occurring in rheumatic fever<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig16.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 16: Verrucae along the edge of a valve leaflet; Also thickening of the chordae tendinae visible<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig17.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 17: Thickening of valve leaflets and subsequent valve stenosis<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig18.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 18: Erythema marginatum<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig19.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 19: Subcutaneous nodules<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig20.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 20: Locations of basal nuclei lesions<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig21.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 21: Vegetative growths on endocardium<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig22.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 22: Osler&#8217;s nodes<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig23.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 23: Splinter hemorrhages<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig24.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 24: Pathological development of pericarditis (acute to constrictive)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig25.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 25: Pericardial effusion<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig26.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 26: Comparison of pericardial effusion to normal heart on x-ray<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig27.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 27: Cardiocentesis to remove pericardial fluid<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig28.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">F<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">igure 28: Summary Table Manifestations of Valvular Stenosis and regurgitation (taken from Huether &amp; McCance, 2012)<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig29.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 29: Comparison cardiomyopathies (dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive) to normal heart<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig30.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 30: The conduction system of the heart<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig31.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 31: ECG comparison atrial fibrillation to atrial flutter<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig32.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 32: Pathophysiology of heart failure (simplified)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig33.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 33: Compensation and impact of afterload on progression of heart failure (from Huether &amp; McCance, 2012)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig34.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 34: Ventricular remodelling and the development of heart failure (Huether &amp; McCance, 2012)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig35.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 35: Manifestations of heart failure<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig36.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 36: Symptom pathophysiology for L-sided heart failure<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig37.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 37: Pathophysiology of manifestations for R-side heart failure<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig38.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 38: Categories of hypertension<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig39.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 39: Narrowing of vascular lumen contributing to hypertension<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig40.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 40: Pathophysiology of hypertension (from Huether &amp; McCance, 2012)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig41.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 41: Relationship of arteriolar vasoconstriction on elevation in BP<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig42.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 42: Types of aneurysms (Huether &amp; McCance, 2012)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig43.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 43: Hypertensive retinopathy; Papilledema; Loss of vision<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig44.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 44: Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig45.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 45: Pathway of pulmonary embolism<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App6Fig46.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 46: Pulmonary embolism<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"3cdcbc594bb907dc9\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2363-1\" data-target=\"#3cdcbc594bb907dc9\" href=\"#3cdcbc594bb907dc9\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Appendix 7: Alterations of the Nervous System<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"3cdcbc594bb907dc9\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig1.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 1: Divisions and structure of the nervous system<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig2.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 2: Anatomy of the brain and brainstem<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig3.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 3: Anatomy of brain and brainstem<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig4.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 4: Frontal cross of brain<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig5.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 5: Surface anatomy of the brain<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig6.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 6: Cells of the nervous system and blood brain barrier<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig7.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 7: Neuronal synapse<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig8.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 8: Peripheral nerves<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig9.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 9: Craniosacral regions of the autonomic nervous system<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig10.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 10: Thoracolumbar region of the autonomic nervous system<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig11.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 11: Brain cross section showing white and grey matter<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig12.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 12: Relationship between central and peripheral nervous system in the spinal cord<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig13.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 13: Coup versus contrecoup impact in TBI<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig14.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 14: Types of hematoma by location (epidural, subdural, intracerebral)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig15.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 15: Classifying TBI and manifestations<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig16.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 16: Compression fracture of the spine<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig17.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 17: Comminuted (burst) fracture on x-ray<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig18.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure18: Dislocation fracture of the spine<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig19.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 19: Anatomy of a vertebra<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig20.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 20: Comparison of normal and herniated intervertebral disc<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig21.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 21: Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis of the lower spine<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig22.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 22: Spinal stenosis<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig23.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 23: Cerebral vasculature<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig24.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 24: Ischemic stroke<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig25.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 25: Kernig (A) and Brudinski (B) Signs<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig26.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 26: Types of aneurysms<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig27.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 27: Types of Headache<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig28.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 28: Unilateral location of migraine headache<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig29.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 29: Pathophysiology and manifestations of multiple sclerosis<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App7Fig30.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 30: Causes, pathophysiology, and manifestations in Guillain-Barre syndrome<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"567f9860315d13ca7\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2363-1\" data-target=\"#567f9860315d13ca7\" href=\"#567f9860315d13ca7\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Appendix 8: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics and Motor Function<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"567f9860315d13ca7\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App8Fig31.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 31: Reticular activating system (RAS)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App8Fig32.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 32: Brodmann&#8217;s cytoarchitectural map<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App8Fig33.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 33: Types of aphasia<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App8Fig34.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 34: Plaques and tangles implicated in Alzheimer&#8217;s disease<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App8Fig35.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 35: Comparison of normal brain to that of person with severe Alzheimer&#8217;s<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App8Fig36.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 36: Comparison normal brain (right) to brain with hydrocephalus (left)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App8Fig37.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 37: Shunt used to drain fluid in hydrocephalus<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App8Fig38.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/a><a>Figure 38: Motor function syndrome<\/a>s<\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App8Fig39.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 39: Dopamine levels in normal neurons versus those of one with Parkinson&#8217;s disease<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App8Fig40.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 40: Classic Parkinsonian gait and stance<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App8Fig41.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 41: Brain structures impacted in Parkinson Disease<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App8Fig42.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 42: Decorticate and decerebrate posturing<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App8Fig43.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 43: Disorders of gait (spastic, scissors)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App8Fig44.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 44: Pathways of nociception in the spinothalamic tract<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App8Fig45.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 45: Endogenous opioids in the brain<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App8Fig46.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 46: Referred pain locations<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App8Fig47.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 47: Homeostatic processes in temperature regulation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App8Fig48.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 48: Mechanisms of heat loss<\/span><\/a><a> and production<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App8Fig49.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 49: Pathophysiology of fever<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"4ade6ff29e012a3bc\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2363-1\" data-target=\"#4ade6ff29e012a3bc\" href=\"#4ade6ff29e012a3bc\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Appendix 9: Alterations of Pulmonary Functions<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"4ade6ff29e012a3bc\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig1.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 1: <\/span><\/a><a>Anatomy <\/a>of the upper and lower respiratory tracts<\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig2.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 2: Anatomy of the upper respiratory tract<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig3.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 3: Conducting components of the lower respiratory tract<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig4.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 4: Cross section of alveoli of the lower respiratory tract<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig5.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 5: Sites and surfaces of gas exchange<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig6.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 6: Pulmonary and systemic circuits<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig7.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 7: Spirometry measurement of respiratory volumes and capacities<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig8.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 8: Respiratory volumes (#1-4) and capacities (#5-8)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig9.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 9: Respiratory rates and patterns<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig10.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 10: Paradoxical breathing<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig11.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 11: Pneumothorax<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig12.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 12: Tension pneumothorax with mediastinal deviation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig13.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 13: Subpleural bleb<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig14.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 14: Pleural effusion<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig15.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 15: Atelectasis<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig16.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 16: Atelectasis on an x-ray<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig17.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 17: Replacement of normal lung tissue with fibrous tissue<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig18.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 18: Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Edema<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig19.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 19: Pathophysiology of ARDS<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig20.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 20: Pathophysiology of bronchiectasis compared to normal bronchus<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig21a.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 21(a): Pathophysiology of obstructive pulmonary disease<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig21b.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 21(b): Pathophysiology of obstructive pulmonary disease<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig22.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 22: Damaged alveolus of pulmonary disease<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig23.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 23: Virchow\u2019s triad<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig24.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 24: Pathophysiology of pulmonary embolism<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig25.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 25: Pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig26.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 26: Pathophysiology of Croup<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App9Fig27.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 27: Pathophysiology of RDS of the newborn<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"56ab8f6ae45e36ece\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2363-1\" data-target=\"#56ab8f6ae45e36ece\" href=\"#56ab8f6ae45e36ece\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Appendix 10: Alterations in Renal and Urologic Systems \/ Water, Acid-Base and Electrolyte Imbalance<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"56ab8f6ae45e36ece\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig1.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 1: Urinary tract (anterior view)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig2.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 2: Urinary tract (posterior view)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig3.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 3: Urinary tract (superior view)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig4.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 4: Gross and microscopic anatomy of renal pyramid<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig5.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 5: Structure and function of a nephron<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig6.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 6: Sectional anatomy of the kidney<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig7.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 7: Blood supply of the kidney<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig8.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 8: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig9.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 9: Formation of urine in the nephron<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig10.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 10: Anatomy of the urologic system<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig11.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 11: Process of micturition<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig12.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 12: Anatomy of a kidney glomerulus<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig13.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 13: Spectrum of glomerular pathology (4)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig14.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 14: Manifestations of nephrotic syndrome<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig15.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 15: Pathophysiology of nephrotic syndrome<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig16.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 16: Pathophysiology in acute kidney failure<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig17.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 17: Signs and symptoms of kidney failure<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig18.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 18: Vessel occlusion related to platelet accumulation and\/or damaged red blood cells<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig19.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 19: Hemolytic uremic syndrome (overview) (5)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig20.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 20: ADAMTS13 and VWF protein in TTP (6)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig21.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 21: Mechanisms to maintain water balance in the human body<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig22.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 22: Movement of water between fluid compartments<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig23.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 23: Water movement between fluid compartments<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig24.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 24: ECG changes related to potassium level<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig25.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 25: Tetany of the hand<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig26.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 26: Respiratory (lungs) and metabolic (kidneys) compensation mechanisms in acid-base balance<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig27.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 27: Normal ranges for determining acidosis and alkalosis<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig28.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 28: Definition of the anion gap<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig29.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 29: Metabolic acidosis and compensation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig30.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 30: Metabolic alkalosis and compensation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig31.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 31: Respiratory acidosis and compensation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App10Fig32.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 32: Respiratory alkalosis and compensation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e42d46c543db78101\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2363-1\" data-target=\"#e42d46c543db78101\" href=\"#e42d46c543db78101\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Appendix 11: Alterations of the Gastrointestinal Tract<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"e42d46c543db78101\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig1.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 1: Accessory organs of the gastrointestinal tract<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig2.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 2: Location of the lower esophageal sphincter implicated in achalasia<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig3.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 3: Massively dilated esophagus seen in achalasia<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig4.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 4: Barrett&#8217;s esophagus<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig5.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 5: Sliding hiatal hernia (A) and para-esophageal (rolling) hiatal hernia (B)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig6.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 6: Anatomy of the stomach (focus on the pylorus)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig7.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 7: Intestinal obstruction pathophysiology and clinical manifestations<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig8.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 8: Pathophysiology of gastric ulcers<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig9.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 9: Degrees of erosion in stomach mucosa from superficial erosions to &#8220;true ulcer&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig10.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 10: Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and complications of gastrointestinal bleeding<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig11.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 11: Locations of pain in appendicitis<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig12.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 12: Therapeutic modifications in management of IBD<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig13.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 13: Ulcerative colitis and Crohn&#8217;s disease<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig14.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 14: Sites of lesions in UC versus Crohn\u2019s disease<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig15.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 15: Table &#8211; Comparison IBS, Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn&#8217;s disease (for review)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig16.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 16: Diverticular disease<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig17.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 17: Etiology of hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice; icterus)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig18.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 18: Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of liver cirrhosis<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig19.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 19: Gallstones<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig20.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 20: Pathophysiology of cholelithiasis (gallstones)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig21.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 21: Pathophysiology of obesity<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig22.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 22: Locations for colon cancer, relative incidence, and associated manifestations<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig23.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 23: Pathophysiology of gluten-sensitive enteropathy (Celiac disease)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App11Fig24.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 24: Comparison of kwarshikor and marasmus<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"6b26b01038618b996\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-2363-1\" data-target=\"#6b26b01038618b996\" href=\"#6b26b01038618b996\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Appendix 12: Alterations of the Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"6b26b01038618b996\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App12Fig1.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 1: Compact and spongy bone<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App12Fig2.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 2: Synovial joint<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App12Fig3.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 3: Muscle structure<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App12Fig4.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 4: Corticospinal tract<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App12Fig5.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 5: Vitamin D Synthesis<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App12Fig6.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 6: Classifications of bone fractures<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App12Fig7.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 7: Comparison bone density in stages of osteoporosis to normal bone<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App12Fig8.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 8: Progression of osteomyelitis<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App12Fig9.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 9: Normal versus osteoarthritic joint<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App12Fig10.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 10: Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App12Fig11.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 11: Pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App12Fig12.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 12: Tophi deposits of the metacarpal joints<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App12Fig13.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 13: Multiple sites of fibromyalgia<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App12Fig14.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 14: Cellular \/ tissue origins of bone tumors<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App12Fig15.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 15: Degree of burns (1st, 2nd, 3rd)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App12Fig16.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 16: Pathophysiology of burns<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App12Fig17.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 17: Rule of Nines (Adult)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/App12Fig18.png\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 18: Rule of Nines (Child)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:66.666666666667% !important;margin-top : 10px;margin-bottom : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 13px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 2.88%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 2.88%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and 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a:not(.awb-custom-text-color):not(.fusion-button):not(.fusion-builder-module-control):not(.fusion-social-network-icon):not(.fb-icon-element):not(.fusion-countdown-link):not(.fusion-rollover-link):not(.fusion-rollover-gallery):not(.fusion-button-bar):not(.add_to_cart_button):not(.show_details_button):not(.product_type_external):not(.fusion-view-cart):not(.fusion-quick-view):not(.fusion-rollover-title-link):not(.fusion-breadcrumb-link):before, .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 a:not(.awb-custom-text-color):not(.fusion-button):not(.fusion-builder-module-control):not(.fusion-social-network-icon):not(.fb-icon-element):not(.fusion-countdown-link):not(.fusion-rollover-link):not(.fusion-rollover-gallery):not(.fusion-button-bar):not(.add_to_cart_button):not(.show_details_button):not(.product_type_external):not(.fusion-view-cart):not(.fusion-quick-view):not(.fusion-rollover-title-link):not(.fusion-breadcrumb-link):after {color: #0051f4;}.fusion-body 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60px;}}<\/style><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2279,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2363","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2363","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2363"}],"version-history":[{"count":123,"href":"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2363\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4158,"href":"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2363\/revisions\/4158"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2279"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/peersinpatho.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2363"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}