Learning Objectives: Alterations in Renal System and Urinary Tract
Describe the normal structure and function of the renal system.
Describe the anatomic causes of resistance to urine flow, causes and effects of obstruction in various locations within the urinary tract and signs of urinary obstruction.
Describe the two most common tumors of the renal and urologic systems: renal carcinoma and bladder tumors.
Describe the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of kidney stone formation.
Characterize the following lower urinary tract obstructions: bladder neck dyssynergia, prostate enlargement, urethral structure, pelvic organ prolapse.
Describe what is meant by neurogenic bladder and overactive bladder syndrome.
Describe the etiology, infectious agents, manifestations, treatments and complication of urinary tract infections: acute cystitis, interstitial cystitis, acute pyelonephritis and chronic pyelonepthritis.
Identify the causes, types, classifications of glomerulonephritis and the resulting changes in glomerular structure and function.
Describe the features and progression of nephrotic syndrome from causation through complications.
Differentiate among prerenal, intrarenal and postrenal causes and the clinical manifestations, outcomes, and complications of acute renal failure.
Describe the pathophysiology of acute tubular necrosis (ATN).
Describe the clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure and the multiple system outcomes (including electrolyte and acid-base alterations) of chronic renal failure.
Learning Objectives: Water/Acid/Base/Electrolyte Imbalance
Describe the roles of water and the principal electrolytes in maintaining homeostasis including two functional fluid compartments of the body (review).
Describe water movement between plasma and interstitial fluid (review).
Describe water movement between the intracellular fluid compartment and the extracellular fluid compartment (review).
Describe the causation, pathophysiologic process, and clinical manifestations of edema.
Describe the regulatory processes for sodium and water balance in the body, including the role of antidiuretic hormone, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic hormone.
Define hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic alterations in water balance and give an example of each.
▪ Describe the basic causes and clinical manifestations of hypernatremia and hyponatremia, hyperchloremia and hypochloremia
▪ Describe the clinical manifestations of water deficit.
▪ Describe the clinical manifestations of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH (SIADH).
▪ Describe the distribution, function and regulation of potassium in the body.
▪ Describe the basic causes and clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia and hypokalemia.
▪ Describe the role of hydrogen ion concentration in cellular function and dysfunction.
▪ Describe how the plasma buffering systems help prevent significant fluctuations in pH.
▪ Describe how the lungs and the kidneys regulate acid-base balance.
▪ Differentiate between respiratory and metabolic acid-base disorders by causes and mechanisms of compensation.
Definitions: Alterations of the Renal and Urologic Systems
