Figure 1: Overview of immunity – Innate vs adaptive

Figure 2: Processes of white blood response to inflammation (exiting of blood vessel and migration to site by chemotaxis)

Figure 3: Plasma protein systems (overview)

Figure 4: Coagulation (Clotting) System – Intrinsic (left) vs extrinsic (right) pathways Figure 5: Mast cell processes in inflammation

Figure 5: Mast cell process in inflammation

Figure 6: Endothelium

Figure 7: Serous exudate Figure 8: Fibrinous exudate Figure 9: Purulent exudate

Figure 8: Fibrinous Exudate

Figure 9: Purulent Exudate

Figure 10: Hemorrhagic exudate

Figure 11: Langerhans giant cell of chronic inflammation

Figure 12: Giant cell and granuloma formation in chronic inflammation

Figure 13: Acute vs chronic inflammation

Figure 14: Phases of wound healing

Figure 15: Timescale (minutes-years) for phases of wound healing

Figure 16: Healing by primary vs secondary intention

Figure 17: Diabetes and impaired wound healing

Figure 18: Psychological conditions and impaired wound healing

Figure 19: Adaptive immunity (3rd line of defence)

Figure 20: Processes of antigen recognition, processing and presentation

Figure 21: Antibody (Ig) Structure

Figure 22: Antibody classes

Figure 23: Antibody functions

Figure 24: Primary and secondary immune response

Figure 25: Type-I hypersensitivity

Figure 26: Type-III Hypersensitivity

Figure 27: Type-IV cell-mediated immune response

Figure 28: Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)

Figure 29: Table – Criteria for the diagnosis of SLE

Figure 30: Malar rash of SLE

Figure 31: Transfusion reaction – ABO blood groups

Figure 32: Transfusion reaction – Rh incompatibility in pregnancy

Figure 1: Hypothalamus and pituitary regulation of cortisol secretion in response to stress

Figure 2: Hypothalamus and Pituitary Hormones, Targets, and Function

Figure 3: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System (RAAS) of kidneys

Figure 4: Mechanisms of Calcium Regulation

Figure 5: Expected results for normal urine analysis

Figure 6: Volume status, urine osmolality and sodium

Figure 7: Hypopituitary-axis and hormonal regulation

Figure 8: Anatomy of the thyroid gland

Figure 9: Production and release of thyroid hormones with a follicle

Figure 10: Comparison of hyperfunction and hypofunction of the thyroid gland

Figure 11: Radioactivity in Graves’ versus other multimodule goitre and thyroid cancer (adenoma)

Figure 12: Goitre typically seen in Grave’s disease

Figure 13: Example of pretibial myxedema

Figure 14: Example of exopthalmos

Figure 15: Tetany in the hand

Figure 16: Most common, featured symptoms of Diabetes mellitus

Figure 17: Table – Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Figure 18: Complications of Diabetes mellitus (angiopathies)

Figure 19: Macrovascular complications of Diabetes mellitus

Figure 20: Pathophysiology of DKA and HHNK

Figure 21: Pathophysiology of diabetic ketoacidosis

Figure 22: Cellular layers of the adrenal gland

Figure 23: Manifestations of Cushing’s syndrome

Figure 24: Hyperpigmentation of skin and mucous membranes seen in Addison’s disease

Figure 25: Sites of ectopic endometrial cells

Figure 26: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (comic representation)

Figure 27: Anatomy of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Figure 1: Heart anatomy

Figure 2: Layers covering heart

Figure 3: Heart layers showing pericardial cavity

Figure 4: Circulation of blood via the heart

Figure 5: Conduction system of the heart

Figure 6: Formation of atheroma within a blood vessel

Figure 7: Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis

Figure 8: Progression of atherosclerosis within an artery; From normal, healthy artery (left) to occlusion (right)

Figure 9: Progression and associated outcomes of coronary artery disease

Figure 10: Typical distribution of referred pain in angina

Figure 11: Changes in cardiac enzymes over time following cardiac injury

Figure 12: Fibrous tissue scars (arrows) following cardiac injury/infarction

Figure 13: ECG changes related to cardiac damage

Figure 14: Aschoff body

Figure 15: Valvular changes occurring in rheumatic fever

Figure 16: Verrucae along the edge of a valve leaflet; Also thickening of the chordae tendinae visible

Figure 17: Thickening of valve leaflets and subsequent valve stenosis

Figure 18: Erythema marginatum

Figure 19: Subcutaneous nodules

Figure 20: Locations of basal nuclei lesions

Figure 21: Vegetative growths on endocardium

Figure 22: Osler’s nodes

Figure 23: Splinter hemorrhages

Figure 24: Pathological development of pericarditis (acute to constrictive)

Figure 25: Pericardial effusion

Figure 26: Comparison of pericardial effusion to normal heart on x-ray

Figure 27: Cardiocentesis to remove pericardial fluid

Figure 28: Summary Table Manifestations of Valvular Stenosis and regurgitation (taken from Huether & McCance, 2012)

Figure 29: Comparison cardiomyopathies (dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive) to normal heart

Figure 30: The conduction system of the heart

Figure 31: ECG comparison atrial fibrillation to atrial flutter

Figure 32: Pathophysiology of heart failure (simplified)

Figure 33: Compensation and impact of afterload on progression of heart failure (from Huether & McCance, 2012)

Figure 34: Ventricular remodelling and the development of heart failure (Huether & McCance, 2012)

Figure 35: Manifestations of heart failure

Figure 36: Symptom pathophysiology for L-sided heart failure

Figure 37: Pathophysiology of manifestations for R-side heart failure

Figure 38: Categories of hypertension

Figure 39: Narrowing of vascular lumen contributing to hypertension

Figure 40: Pathophysiology of hypertension (from Huether & McCance, 2012)

Figure 41: Relationship of arteriolar vasoconstriction on elevation in BP

Figure 42: Types of aneurysms (Huether & McCance, 2012)

Figure 43: Hypertensive retinopathy; Papilledema; Loss of vision

Figure 44: Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

Figure 45: Pathway of pulmonary embolism

Figure 46: Pulmonary embolism

Figure 1: Urinary tract (anterior view)

Figure 2: Urinary tract (posterior view)

Figure 3: Urinary tract (superior view)

Figure 4: Gross and microscopic anatomy of renal pyramid

Figure 5: Structure and function of a nephron

Figure 6: Sectional anatomy of the kidney

Figure 7: Blood supply of the kidney

Figure 8: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS)

Figure 9: Formation of urine in the nephron

Figure 10: Anatomy of the urologic system

Figure 11: Process of micturition

Figure 12: Anatomy of a kidney glomerulus

Figure 13: Spectrum of glomerular pathology (4)

Figure 14: Manifestations of nephrotic syndrome

Figure 15: Pathophysiology of nephrotic syndrome

Figure 16: Pathophysiology in acute kidney failure

Figure 17: Signs and symptoms of kidney failure

Figure 18: Vessel occlusion related to platelet accumulation and/or damaged red blood cells

Figure 19: Hemolytic uremic syndrome (overview) (5)

Figure 20: ADAMTS13 and VWF protein in TTP (6)

Figure 21: Mechanisms to maintain water balance in the human body

Figure 22: Movement of water between fluid compartments

Figure 23: Water movement between fluid compartments

Figure 24: ECG changes related to potassium level

Figure 25: Tetany of the hand

Figure 26: Respiratory (lungs) and metabolic (kidneys) compensation mechanisms in acid-base balance

Figure 27: Normal ranges for determining acidosis and alkalosis

Figure 28: Definition of the anion gap

Figure 29: Metabolic acidosis and compensation

Figure 30: Metabolic alkalosis and compensation

Figure 31: Respiratory acidosis and compensation

Figure 32: Respiratory alkalosis and compensation