Figure 1: Cellular response to stress and adaptation
Figure 4: Cellular formation of free radicals
Figure 5: Metabolism and detoxification of ethanol (alcohol)
Figure 6: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Figure 7: Ethylene glycol toxicity
Figure 8: Blood smear of person with lead toxicity
Figure 9: Blue gum line in lead toxicity
Figure 10: Cellular injury from water accumulation (hydropic degeneration)
Figure 11: Cellular damage by excess free calcium
Figure 12: Cell death – Necrosis vs apoptosis
Figure 13: Liquifaction necrosis
Figure 1: Overview of immunity – Innate vs adaptive
Figure 3: Plasma protein systems (overview)
Figure 5: Mast cell process in inflammation
Figure 7: Serous exudate Figure 8: Fibrinous exudate Figure 9: Purulent exudate
Figure 10: Hemorrhagic exudate
Figure 11: Langerhans giant cell of chronic inflammation
Figure 12: Giant cell and granuloma formation in chronic inflammation
Figure 13: Acute vs chronic inflammation
Figure 14: Phases of wound healing
Figure 15: Timescale (minutes-years) for phases of wound healing
Figure 16: Healing by primary vs secondary intention
Figure 17: Diabetes and impaired wound healing
Figure 18: Psychological conditions and impaired wound healing
Figure 19: Adaptive immunity (3rd line of defence)
Figure 20: Processes of antigen recognition, processing and presentation
Figure 21: Antibody (Ig) Structure
Figure 24: Primary and secondary immune response
Figure 25: Type-I hypersensitivity
Figure 26: Type-III Hypersensitivity
Figure 27: Type-IV cell-mediated immune response
Figure 28: Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)
Figure 29: Table – Criteria for the diagnosis of SLE
Figure 31: Transfusion reaction – ABO blood groups
Figure 32: Transfusion reaction – Rh incompatibility in pregnancy
Figure 1: Benign vs Malignant Tumors
Figure 2: The tumor microenvironment (note significant cell heterogeneity)
Figure 3: Energy Production in Normal vs. Proliferative (Tumor) Tissue
Figure 4: Angiogenesis and the presence of growth factors
Figure 5: Oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes in cancer development
Figure 6: Burkitt lymphoma chromosomal translocation
Figure 7: CML Chromosomal Translocation
Figure 8: Clinical Tumor Markers
Figure 11: Local vs distant metastasis
Figure 12: Processes of cancer metastasis
Figure 14: Surgical biopsy of skin lesion
Figure 15: Processing and histopathology of biopsies
Figure 16: Tumor staging – Microscopic analysis
Figure 17: TMN Classification – (example, breast cancer)
Figure 18: Syndrome of cachexia
Figure 19: Cell types originating from the mesoderm germ layer
Figure 20: Bone tumors – Osteosarcoma (left) and Ewing sarcoma (right)
Figure 21: Wilms tumor (two images)
Figure 22: Tobacco and cancer risk
Figure 1: Hypothalamus and pituitary regulation of cortisol secretion in response to stress
Figure 2: Hypothalamus and Pituitary Hormones, Targets, and Function
Figure 3: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System (RAAS) of kidneys
Figure 4: Mechanisms of Calcium Regulation
Figure 5: Expected results for normal urine analysis
Figure 6: Volume status, urine osmolality and sodium
Figure 7: Hypopituitary-axis and hormonal regulation
Figure 8: Anatomy of the thyroid gland
Figure 9: Production and release of thyroid hormones with a follicle
Figure 10: Comparison of hyperfunction and hypofunction of the thyroid gland
Figure 11: Radioactivity in Graves’ versus other multimodule goitre and thyroid cancer (adenoma)
Figure 12: Goitre typically seen in Grave’s disease
Figure 13: Example of pretibial myxedema
Figure 14: Example of exopthalmos
Figure 16: Most common, featured symptoms of Diabetes mellitus
Figure 17: Table – Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Figure 18: Complications of Diabetes mellitus (angiopathies)
Figure 19: Macrovascular complications of Diabetes mellitus
Figure 20: Pathophysiology of DKA and HHNK
Figure 21: Pathophysiology of diabetic ketoacidosis
Figure 22: Cellular layers of the adrenal gland
Figure 23: Manifestations of Cushing’s syndrome
Figure 24: Hyperpigmentation of skin and mucous membranes seen in Addison’s disease
Figure 25: Sites of ectopic endometrial cells
Figure 26: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (comic representation)
Figure 1: Whole Blood Composition
Figure 2: Maturation of Blood Cells
Figure 3: Separated blood components
Figure 4: RBC Molecular Structure
Figure 5: Life Cycle of a Red Blood Cell
Figure 6: Life Cycle of an RBC
Figure 7: The “pallor sign” of anemia
Figure 8: Pallor in the hand (right) compared to normal coloration
Figure 9: Microscopic comparison of normal RBCs (left) to Microcytic-hypochromic RBCs (right)
Figure 10: Comparison of healthy liver to hemochromatosis liver
Figure 11: Organs affected in iron overload
Figure 12: Metabolism of Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
Figure 13: Classic symptoms of leukemia
Figure 14: Lymphoid and myeloid stem cell maturation
Figure 15: Lymphoblasts in blood smear
Figure 16: Development of ALL from lymphoid stem cell
Figure 17: Development of AML from myeloid stem cell
Figure 18: Lymphadenopathy (visible in groin and axilla)
Figure 2: Layers covering heart
Figure 3: Heart layers showing pericardial cavity
Figure 4: Circulation of blood via the heart
Figure 5: Conduction system of the heart
Figure 6: Formation of atheroma within a blood vessel
Figure 7: Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis
Figure 9: Progression and associated outcomes of coronary artery disease
Figure 10: Typical distribution of referred pain in angina
Figure 11: Changes in cardiac enzymes over time following cardiac injury
Figure 12: Fibrous tissue scars (arrows) following cardiac injury/infarction
Figure 13: ECG changes related to cardiac damage
Figure 15: Valvular changes occurring in rheumatic fever
Figure 17: Thickening of valve leaflets and subsequent valve stenosis
Figure 18: Erythema marginatum
Figure 19: Subcutaneous nodules
Figure 20: Locations of basal nuclei lesions
Figure 21: Vegetative growths on endocardium
Figure 23: Splinter hemorrhages
Figure 24: Pathological development of pericarditis (acute to constrictive)
Figure 25: Pericardial effusion
Figure 26: Comparison of pericardial effusion to normal heart on x-ray
Figure 27: Cardiocentesis to remove pericardial fluid
Figure 29: Comparison cardiomyopathies (dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive) to normal heart
Figure 30: The conduction system of the heart
Figure 31: ECG comparison atrial fibrillation to atrial flutter
Figure 32: Pathophysiology of heart failure (simplified)
Figure 34: Ventricular remodelling and the development of heart failure (Huether & McCance, 2012)
Figure 35: Manifestations of heart failure
Figure 36: Symptom pathophysiology for L-sided heart failure
Figure 37: Pathophysiology of manifestations for R-side heart failure
Figure 38: Categories of hypertension
Figure 39: Narrowing of vascular lumen contributing to hypertension
Figure 40: Pathophysiology of hypertension (from Huether & McCance, 2012)
Figure 41: Relationship of arteriolar vasoconstriction on elevation in BP
Figure 42: Types of aneurysms (Huether & McCance, 2012)
Figure 43: Hypertensive retinopathy; Papilledema; Loss of vision
Figure 44: Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)
Figure 1: Divisions and structure of the nervous system
Figure 2: Anatomy of the brain and brainstem
Figure 3: Anatomy of brain and brainstem
Figure 4: Frontal cross of brain
Figure 5: Surface anatomy of the brain
Figure 6: Cells of the nervous system and blood brain barrier
Figure 9: Craniosacral regions of the autonomic nervous system
Figure 10: Thoracolumbar region of the autonomic nervous system
Figure 11: Brain cross section showing white and grey matter
Figure 12: Relationship between central and peripheral nervous system in the spinal cord
Figure 13: Coup versus contrecoup impact in TBI
Figure 14: Types of hematoma by location (epidural, subdural, intracerebral)
Figure 15: Classifying TBI and manifestations
Figure 16: Compression fracture of the spine
Figure 17: Comminuted (burst) fracture on x-ray
Figure18: Dislocation fracture of the spine
Figure 19: Anatomy of a vertebra
Figure 20: Comparison of normal and herniated intervertebral disc
Figure 21: Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis of the lower spine
Figure 23: Cerebral vasculature
Figure 25: Kernig (A) and Brudinski (B) Signs
Figure 28: Unilateral location of migraine headache
Figure 29: Pathophysiology and manifestations of multiple sclerosis
Figure 30: Causes, pathophysiology, and manifestations in Guillain-Barre syndrome
Figure 31: Reticular activating system (RAS)
Figure 32: Brodmann’s cytoarchitectural map
Figure 34: Plaques and tangles implicated in Alzheimer’s disease
Figure 35: Comparison of normal brain to that of person with severe Alzheimer’s
Figure 36: Comparison normal brain (right) to brain with hydrocephalus (left)
Figure 37: Shunt used to drain fluid in hydrocephalus
Figure 38: Motor function syndromes
Figure 39: Dopamine levels in normal neurons versus those of one with Parkinson’s disease
Figure 40: Classic Parkinsonian gait and stance
Figure 41: Brain structures impacted in Parkinson Disease
Figure 42: Decorticate and decerebrate posturing
Figure 43: Disorders of gait (spastic, scissors)
Figure 44: Pathways of nociception in the spinothalamic tract
Figure 45: Endogenous opioids in the brain
Figure 46: Referred pain locations
Figure 47: Homeostatic processes in temperature regulation
Figure 1: Anatomy of the upper and lower respiratory tracts
Figure 2: Anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
Figure 3: Conducting components of the lower respiratory tract
Figure 4: Cross section of alveoli of the lower respiratory tract
Figure 5: Sites and surfaces of gas exchange
Figure 6: Pulmonary and systemic circuits
Figure 7: Spirometry measurement of respiratory volumes and capacities
Figure 8: Respiratory volumes (#1-4) and capacities (#5-8)
Figure 9: Respiratory rates and patterns
Figure 10: Paradoxical breathing
Figure 12: Tension pneumothorax with mediastinal deviation
Figure 16: Atelectasis on an x-ray
Figure 17: Replacement of normal lung tissue with fibrous tissue
Figure 18: Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Edema
Figure 19: Pathophysiology of ARDS
Figure 20: Pathophysiology of bronchiectasis compared to normal bronchus
Figure 21(a): Pathophysiology of obstructive pulmonary disease
Figure 21(b): Pathophysiology of obstructive pulmonary disease
Figure 22: Damaged alveolus of pulmonary disease
Figure 24: Pathophysiology of pulmonary embolism
Figure 25: Pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension
Figure 1: Urinary tract (anterior view)
Figure 2: Urinary tract (posterior view)
Figure 3: Urinary tract (superior view)
Figure 4: Gross and microscopic anatomy of renal pyramid
Figure 5: Structure and function of a nephron
Figure 6: Sectional anatomy of the kidney
Figure 7: Blood supply of the kidney
Figure 8: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS)
Figure 9: Formation of urine in the nephron
Figure 10: Anatomy of the urologic system
Figure 11: Process of micturition
Figure 12: Anatomy of a kidney glomerulus
Figure 13: Spectrum of glomerular pathology (4)
Figure 14: Manifestations of nephrotic syndrome
Figure 15: Pathophysiology of nephrotic syndrome
Figure 16: Pathophysiology in acute kidney failure
Figure 17: Signs and symptoms of kidney failure
Figure 18: Vessel occlusion related to platelet accumulation and/or damaged red blood cells
Figure 19: Hemolytic uremic syndrome (overview) (5)
Figure 20: ADAMTS13 and VWF protein in TTP (6)
Figure 21: Mechanisms to maintain water balance in the human body
Figure 22: Movement of water between fluid compartments
Figure 23: Water movement between fluid compartments
Figure 24: ECG changes related to potassium level
Figure 26: Respiratory (lungs) and metabolic (kidneys) compensation mechanisms in acid-base balance
Figure 27: Normal ranges for determining acidosis and alkalosis
Figure 28: Definition of the anion gap
Figure 29: Metabolic acidosis and compensation
Figure 30: Metabolic alkalosis and compensation
Figure 1: Accessory organs of the gastrointestinal tract
Figure 2: Location of the lower esophageal sphincter implicated in achalasia
Figure 3: Massively dilated esophagus seen in achalasia
Figure 5: Sliding hiatal hernia (A) and para-esophageal (rolling) hiatal hernia (B)
Figure 6: Anatomy of the stomach (focus on the pylorus)
Figure 7: Intestinal obstruction pathophysiology and clinical manifestations
Figure 8: Pathophysiology of gastric ulcers
Figure 9: Degrees of erosion in stomach mucosa from superficial erosions to “true ulcer”
Figure 10: Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and complications of gastrointestinal bleeding
Figure 11: Locations of pain in appendicitis
Figure 12: Therapeutic modifications in management of IBD
Figure 13: Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
Figure 14: Sites of lesions in UC versus Crohn’s disease
Figure 15: Table – Comparison IBS, Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s disease (for review)
Figure 16: Diverticular disease
Figure 17: Etiology of hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice; icterus)
Figure 18: Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of liver cirrhosis
Figure 20: Pathophysiology of cholelithiasis (gallstones)
Figure 21: Pathophysiology of obesity
Figure 22: Locations for colon cancer, relative incidence, and associated manifestations
Figure 23: Pathophysiology of gluten-sensitive enteropathy (Celiac disease)
Figure 1: Compact and spongy bone
Figure 6: Classifications of bone fractures
Figure 7: Comparison bone density in stages of osteoporosis to normal bone
Figure 8: Progression of osteomyelitis
Figure 9: Normal versus osteoarthritic joint
Figure 10: Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis
Figure 11: Pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis
Figure 12: Tophi deposits of the metacarpal joints
Figure 13: Multiple sites of fibromyalgia
Figure 14: Cellular / tissue origins of bone tumors
Figure 15: Degree of burns (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
Figure 16: Pathophysiology of burns